Works Cited
"A-Z Index." ATSDR. CDC/American Petroleum Institute, n.d. Web. 10 May 2014. <http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp>.
"Biodiesel Benefits and Considerations." Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biodiesel Benefits. US Dept. of Transportation, n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2014. <http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/biodiesel_benefits.html>.The government recognizes the possibilities of biodiesel, namely the potential for a clean burning and renewable base for our independent fuel supply . This entails a decrease in polluting and smog forming emissions, along with an increase increase in efficiency an safety. This aids my research because the US government is an extremely reputable source supporting the usage of biodiesel in place of standard petroleum diesel in most applications.
"Biodiesel." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Aug. 2014. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel>.Wikipedia Article on Biodiesel, this article focuses on the many uses and production of biodiesel, as well as the various sources and environmental impacts. These sources include soybeans, feed-stock, and used oils and lipids. They are processed into biodiesel through a chemical process called transesterfication. The article then outlines the many uses of biodiesel, including agricultural, aircraft, railways, and automobiles. The environmental impacts a briefly touched upon, detailing the potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions as well as the rate of environmental degradation. These positive depictions of biodiesel from such public source means that it has public approval from those who take the time to edit Wikipedia articles. The article therefor seems dependable, as all the information matches up with my other sources, but I must remember that this article can be edited by anyone. This Wikipedia article is very important in answering my research question, as it is a very detailed description of lipid transesterfication, and gives good insight into the various uses and production methods.
"Biodiesel.org." Biodiesel - America's First Advanced Biofuel! National Biodiesel Board, 2014. Web. 02 Mar. 2014. <http://www.biodiesel.org/>.
"Biofuels | Environmental Assessment." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 28 Oct. 2013. Web. 09 Feb. 2014. <http://www.epa.gov/ncea/biofuels/>.This is the EPA report to congress released in 2013, and is in firm support of biodiesel. Interesting chapters include 4, 6, and 7, covering production, transport and handling, and effects on the environment respectively. The report is very reliable as it is written for the government, by the goverment, and the legitimacy of government research is rarely contested. /this source is important to my research because it contains a massive amount of verified data collected by the EPA, This will allow my paper to have merit, and much more reliability as a source. The data contained in this report to congress includes very detailed descriptions of the environmental impacts from the production of biodiesel, as well as the expected impacts of the use of biodiesel.
"Car Emissions and Global Warming." Union of Concerned Scientists. Union of Concerned Scientists, 31 Jan. 14. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. <http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/why-clean-cars/global-warming/>.
Chalkley, A. P. "Diesel Engines for Land and Marine Work." Google Books. D. Van Nostrand Co., n.d. Web. 10 May 2014. <http://books.google.com/books?id=OLM3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false>.
Chapman, Elana, Mike Hile, Mike Pague, Juhun Song, and Andre Boehman. Rep. Department of Energy and Geo-Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 2003. Web. 5 Mar. 2014. <http://web.anl.gov/PCS/acsfuel/preprint%20archive/Files/48_2_New%20York_10-03_0648.pdf>.
"Diesel Fuel." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 03 Feb. 2014. Web. 03 Mar. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel>.This Wikipedia article contains detailed descriptions about the refinement and composition of conventional petroleum diesel along with its applications and environmental effects cited to the US DOT and EPA respectively. This helps in my research as it aids in my creation of a baseline for the causes and effects of using conventional diesel. The credibility of the article is relatively good in my opinion, as those who would take the time to edit and add to the article usually have just cause, especially for such a non-controversial topic. In addition, the specific details of the article are not my main focus, merely reference once verified Instead my main goal in the use of this source is its citations and references, many of which are derived from the EPA, DOT, and DOE
"Edmunds.com Diesel Car List." Edmunds.com. Edmunds.com, n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. <www.edmunds.com>.This is a list of all consumer cars currently using diesel engines, and capable of using biodiesel. It can be noted how all fully consumer cars have over 20 mpg, and some even having up to 50 mpg. These cars may not be incorporating radical new designs to increase efficiency, however, they are on the front line of consumer availability. If these efficient, brand new cars can achieve these excellent ratings, then the adaptation of a light weight motorcycle chassis and sidecar frame can increase the mileage immensely. These diesel cars will be used as a baseline of efficiency in my project, as I am aiming to top the best mileage of these consumer cars. Hopefully, I will be able to look more deeply into the design pros and cons of each of the vehicles, and use those designs to improve upon my biodiesel sidecar.
Gedeon, Gilbert. Diesel Engine Fundamentals. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook. CED Engineering. Web. Spring 2014. <http://www.cedengineering.com/upload/Diesel%20Engine%20Fundamentals.pdf>.Pages 2&3 give a good basic understanding of diesel engines to those familiar with gasoline engines. The handbook outlines the similarities in the internal combustion engines, along with the differences in compression ratios, intake systems, and ignition systems. This basic understanding of the differences between diesel and gasoline engines allow me to recognize the differences between diesel and gasoline, and how biodiesel technology might support a transition into more ecological fuel cells, as it would allow standard diesel engines to function while moving away from gasoline.
"History of Biodiesel." History of Biodiesel Fuel. Pacific Biodiesel, 2014. Web. 05 Mar. 2014. <http://www.biodiesel.com/index.php/biodiesel/history_of_biodiesel_fuel>.
"History of Biodiesels." History of Biodiesels. Odec.ca, n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2014. <http://www.odec.ca/projects/2007/ardi7m2/history_biodiesels.html>.
"Home." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2014. <http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/>.
Kemp, William H. Biodiesel Basics and Beyond: A Comprehensive Guide to Production and Use for the Home and Farm. Tamworth, Ont.: Aztext, 2006. Print.This is a huge resource for biodiesel producers as well as my research paper. The book gives begins with facts about the current energy consumption of North America, touching on the geopolitical battle for oil, and why its production is limited by the government and big oil companies. The book takes a more economical turn after this, and details the technical background of diesel fuels, giving a good idea of the uses and environmental impact of biodiesel, as well as the different types of feed-stocks used to produce biodiesel in both commercial and personal applications. The book also takes time to go into depth about the effects of using the biodiesel in combination with petroleum diesel, and also details an interesting experiment detailing the effects of switching to biodiesel in a standard diesel engine. This book is very reputable, as it was a research project by a reputable author, in conjunction with many engineers and professors aiding Mr. Kemp in his research. This book also comes highly recommended by Mr. Chinosi, who himself is an expert on transesterfication. This book should aid my research, as the immense amount of information on the uses and production of biodiesel can only support my argument for use of biodiesel in alternative vehicles. Even the Author drives a Biodiesel SMART car capable of traveling close to 2000 miles on just $200 worth of biodiesel
Lee, Roland Arthur, and Jean-Michael Lavoie. "From First- to Third-generation Biofuels: Challenges of Producing a Commodity from a Biomass of Increasing Complexity." From First- to Third-generation Biofuels: Challenges of Producing a Commodity from a Biomass of Increasing Complexity. Animal Frontiers, 2014. Web. 06 Mar. 2014. <http://www.animalfrontiers.org/content/3/2/6.full>.
Moser, Bryan R. Biodiesel Production, Properties, and Feedstocks. 3rd ed. Vol. 45. N.p.: Society for In Vitro Biology, 20099. Biofuels. JSTOR. Society for In Vitro Biology, 2009. Web. 5 Mar. 2014. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20541030>.
Scott, Hess M. "How Biodiesel Works." HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks.com, 18 June 2003. Web. 25 Feb. 2014. <http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/alternative-fuels/biodiesel2.htm>.
Sheehan, John, Vince Camobreco, James Duffield, Michael Graboski, and Housein Shapouri. "Life Cycle of Biodiesel." Life Cycle Inventory of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel for Use in an Urban Bus. A Joint Study Sponsored By: U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Energy, May 1998. Web. <http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24089.pdf>.
"Total Motorcycle Fuel Economy GuideA Guide to Motorcycle Gas Mileage (MPG and L/100km) and Efficiency." Total Motorcycle Fuel Economy Guide in MPG and L/100km Index. Total Motorcycle, n.d. Web. 10 May 2014. <http://www.totalmotorcycle.com/MotorcycleFuelEconomyGuide/index.htm>.
"The Vintage Microcar Club Microcars, Bmw Isetta Club,." The Vintage Microcar Club Microcars, Bmw Isetta Club,. N.p., 2014. Web. 10 May 2014. <http://www.microcar.org/>.
"A-Z Index." ATSDR. CDC/American Petroleum Institute, n.d. Web. 10 May 2014. <http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp>.
"Biodiesel Benefits and Considerations." Alternative Fuels Data Center: Biodiesel Benefits. US Dept. of Transportation, n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2014. <http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/biodiesel_benefits.html>.The government recognizes the possibilities of biodiesel, namely the potential for a clean burning and renewable base for our independent fuel supply . This entails a decrease in polluting and smog forming emissions, along with an increase increase in efficiency an safety. This aids my research because the US government is an extremely reputable source supporting the usage of biodiesel in place of standard petroleum diesel in most applications.
"Biodiesel." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Aug. 2014. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel>.Wikipedia Article on Biodiesel, this article focuses on the many uses and production of biodiesel, as well as the various sources and environmental impacts. These sources include soybeans, feed-stock, and used oils and lipids. They are processed into biodiesel through a chemical process called transesterfication. The article then outlines the many uses of biodiesel, including agricultural, aircraft, railways, and automobiles. The environmental impacts a briefly touched upon, detailing the potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions as well as the rate of environmental degradation. These positive depictions of biodiesel from such public source means that it has public approval from those who take the time to edit Wikipedia articles. The article therefor seems dependable, as all the information matches up with my other sources, but I must remember that this article can be edited by anyone. This Wikipedia article is very important in answering my research question, as it is a very detailed description of lipid transesterfication, and gives good insight into the various uses and production methods.
"Biodiesel.org." Biodiesel - America's First Advanced Biofuel! National Biodiesel Board, 2014. Web. 02 Mar. 2014. <http://www.biodiesel.org/>.
"Biofuels | Environmental Assessment." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 28 Oct. 2013. Web. 09 Feb. 2014. <http://www.epa.gov/ncea/biofuels/>.This is the EPA report to congress released in 2013, and is in firm support of biodiesel. Interesting chapters include 4, 6, and 7, covering production, transport and handling, and effects on the environment respectively. The report is very reliable as it is written for the government, by the goverment, and the legitimacy of government research is rarely contested. /this source is important to my research because it contains a massive amount of verified data collected by the EPA, This will allow my paper to have merit, and much more reliability as a source. The data contained in this report to congress includes very detailed descriptions of the environmental impacts from the production of biodiesel, as well as the expected impacts of the use of biodiesel.
"Car Emissions and Global Warming." Union of Concerned Scientists. Union of Concerned Scientists, 31 Jan. 14. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. <http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_vehicles/why-clean-cars/global-warming/>.
Chalkley, A. P. "Diesel Engines for Land and Marine Work." Google Books. D. Van Nostrand Co., n.d. Web. 10 May 2014. <http://books.google.com/books?id=OLM3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false>.
Chapman, Elana, Mike Hile, Mike Pague, Juhun Song, and Andre Boehman. Rep. Department of Energy and Geo-Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 2003. Web. 5 Mar. 2014. <http://web.anl.gov/PCS/acsfuel/preprint%20archive/Files/48_2_New%20York_10-03_0648.pdf>.
"Diesel Fuel." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 03 Feb. 2014. Web. 03 Mar. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel>.This Wikipedia article contains detailed descriptions about the refinement and composition of conventional petroleum diesel along with its applications and environmental effects cited to the US DOT and EPA respectively. This helps in my research as it aids in my creation of a baseline for the causes and effects of using conventional diesel. The credibility of the article is relatively good in my opinion, as those who would take the time to edit and add to the article usually have just cause, especially for such a non-controversial topic. In addition, the specific details of the article are not my main focus, merely reference once verified Instead my main goal in the use of this source is its citations and references, many of which are derived from the EPA, DOT, and DOE
"Edmunds.com Diesel Car List." Edmunds.com. Edmunds.com, n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. <www.edmunds.com>.This is a list of all consumer cars currently using diesel engines, and capable of using biodiesel. It can be noted how all fully consumer cars have over 20 mpg, and some even having up to 50 mpg. These cars may not be incorporating radical new designs to increase efficiency, however, they are on the front line of consumer availability. If these efficient, brand new cars can achieve these excellent ratings, then the adaptation of a light weight motorcycle chassis and sidecar frame can increase the mileage immensely. These diesel cars will be used as a baseline of efficiency in my project, as I am aiming to top the best mileage of these consumer cars. Hopefully, I will be able to look more deeply into the design pros and cons of each of the vehicles, and use those designs to improve upon my biodiesel sidecar.
Gedeon, Gilbert. Diesel Engine Fundamentals. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook. CED Engineering. Web. Spring 2014. <http://www.cedengineering.com/upload/Diesel%20Engine%20Fundamentals.pdf>.Pages 2&3 give a good basic understanding of diesel engines to those familiar with gasoline engines. The handbook outlines the similarities in the internal combustion engines, along with the differences in compression ratios, intake systems, and ignition systems. This basic understanding of the differences between diesel and gasoline engines allow me to recognize the differences between diesel and gasoline, and how biodiesel technology might support a transition into more ecological fuel cells, as it would allow standard diesel engines to function while moving away from gasoline.
"History of Biodiesel." History of Biodiesel Fuel. Pacific Biodiesel, 2014. Web. 05 Mar. 2014. <http://www.biodiesel.com/index.php/biodiesel/history_of_biodiesel_fuel>.
"History of Biodiesels." History of Biodiesels. Odec.ca, n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2014. <http://www.odec.ca/projects/2007/ardi7m2/history_biodiesels.html>.
"Home." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2014. <http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/>.
Kemp, William H. Biodiesel Basics and Beyond: A Comprehensive Guide to Production and Use for the Home and Farm. Tamworth, Ont.: Aztext, 2006. Print.This is a huge resource for biodiesel producers as well as my research paper. The book gives begins with facts about the current energy consumption of North America, touching on the geopolitical battle for oil, and why its production is limited by the government and big oil companies. The book takes a more economical turn after this, and details the technical background of diesel fuels, giving a good idea of the uses and environmental impact of biodiesel, as well as the different types of feed-stocks used to produce biodiesel in both commercial and personal applications. The book also takes time to go into depth about the effects of using the biodiesel in combination with petroleum diesel, and also details an interesting experiment detailing the effects of switching to biodiesel in a standard diesel engine. This book is very reputable, as it was a research project by a reputable author, in conjunction with many engineers and professors aiding Mr. Kemp in his research. This book also comes highly recommended by Mr. Chinosi, who himself is an expert on transesterfication. This book should aid my research, as the immense amount of information on the uses and production of biodiesel can only support my argument for use of biodiesel in alternative vehicles. Even the Author drives a Biodiesel SMART car capable of traveling close to 2000 miles on just $200 worth of biodiesel
Lee, Roland Arthur, and Jean-Michael Lavoie. "From First- to Third-generation Biofuels: Challenges of Producing a Commodity from a Biomass of Increasing Complexity." From First- to Third-generation Biofuels: Challenges of Producing a Commodity from a Biomass of Increasing Complexity. Animal Frontiers, 2014. Web. 06 Mar. 2014. <http://www.animalfrontiers.org/content/3/2/6.full>.
Moser, Bryan R. Biodiesel Production, Properties, and Feedstocks. 3rd ed. Vol. 45. N.p.: Society for In Vitro Biology, 20099. Biofuels. JSTOR. Society for In Vitro Biology, 2009. Web. 5 Mar. 2014. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20541030>.
Scott, Hess M. "How Biodiesel Works." HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks.com, 18 June 2003. Web. 25 Feb. 2014. <http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/alternative-fuels/biodiesel2.htm>.
Sheehan, John, Vince Camobreco, James Duffield, Michael Graboski, and Housein Shapouri. "Life Cycle of Biodiesel." Life Cycle Inventory of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel for Use in an Urban Bus. A Joint Study Sponsored By: U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Energy, May 1998. Web. <http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24089.pdf>.
"Total Motorcycle Fuel Economy GuideA Guide to Motorcycle Gas Mileage (MPG and L/100km) and Efficiency." Total Motorcycle Fuel Economy Guide in MPG and L/100km Index. Total Motorcycle, n.d. Web. 10 May 2014. <http://www.totalmotorcycle.com/MotorcycleFuelEconomyGuide/index.htm>.
"The Vintage Microcar Club Microcars, Bmw Isetta Club,." The Vintage Microcar Club Microcars, Bmw Isetta Club,. N.p., 2014. Web. 10 May 2014. <http://www.microcar.org/>.